Accidental discoveries

inadvertent disc overiesAccidental Discoveries1. (noun)accidentan unfortunate mishap especially one ca utilizedamage or injury2.(noun)accident, stroke, fortuity, outlook eventanything that happens suddenly or by chance without an app atomic number 18nt ca applyDefined as, the act or an instance of discovering, a person, place or thing that has been discovered. Majority of accidental discoveries are accomplishment based collectible to distinct chemicals being spilt, left too foresightful to boil or too overmuch of a specific chemical added to one or a nonher solution. Huge ranges of discoveries experience been made in an accidental way. Creating a large impact on spate and society. Discoveries such(prenominal) as Insulin, The Microwave, Potato chips, Teflon, and Cookies alike verbalize to have been discovered by accident.However having most impact on society, discoveries such as Penicillin and roentgenogram widely use e genuinelyday in spite of appearance medicine are ii of the best used accidental discoveries.Serendipity is the effect by which one out of the blue discovers something fortunate, especially while looking for something entirely unrelated. (Roberts, 1989)PenicillinCommonly associated with the uncovering of Penicillin is horse parsley Fleming, who in 1928 discovered and named the dose Penicillin.Leading to the disco rattling at the sentence, Fleming was said to have splice a bead onn time away from his laboratory, located at St Marys medical examination School London, known to be a very in tidy, begrimed type of guy Fleming had poor housekeeping leaving food, unclean items in his Lab. Due to un sterile conditions, once Fleming had returned it was noted that teentsy mould spores were forming on test slides left to the open air. Mould began to grow on the slides causing cross-contamination, creating bacteria. The area surrounding the mould in the dish was clear, suggesting that bacteria could not survive near mould. Fleming pre dicted, compounds created by the mould must have anti-bacterial action. (Fleming, 1929) This leadership to the discovery of the signification Penicillin.Associated with the discovery of Penicillin primarily is Fleming raised in Scotland is a prominent individual at bottom medicine, helping with the development of umteen attainment and medicine based substances. Flemings personality and background was one well educated, competitive in his specialised field, said to have a keen madness for discovery. He was very observant, intuitive and curious, helping with his discovery, as early(a)s may have not questioned the mould on the slides. As Fleming had only touched the basics of creating the drugs substance, two other scientists who are less commonly known, Howard Florey and Ernst Chain, got hold of the penicillin substance and developed it further into the drug form. (British Library)The discovery of penicillin is one that has revolutionised the medical sedulousness and the way in which most common infections are treated. Saving many lives since. Penicillin was the first antibiotic used to treat antibacterial infection prosperingly.Supplies of the drug became open by the 1940s but were limited.At the time Fleming discovered Penicillin, 1928, society was unstable. WWI in 1914 ending 1918, (Ho, 1999) penicillin was grittyly chartered but not discovered yet. Following on from this WWII 1939 ending 1945, Penicillin was being developed am some doses were able to save lives, if it was mass produced give away and had become available before the end of the war many lives would have been saved. Recent developments advance that five impacts on society have occurred since development of Penicillin (Sun, 2005). One, Bacterial infections are no longer so common, recognising Penicillin as the most life scrimping drug in the world. (Ho, 1999). Secondly, Penicillin has bacteriological properties, fighting and killing unwanted bacteria. (Fleming, 1929) Thirdly, the discovery of Penicillin trigged further re lookup into creating new antibiotics. Forth being, a man-made prejudicial impact meaning the more Penicillin is used on a humankind the more susceptible to it the human becomes. The fifth being that Penicillin saves lives. Penicillin has become bouncy as expose of the medicine industry, qualification Alexander Flemings discovery of Penicillin a very important one, besides accidental.X-RayX radiotherapy (roentgen balance beam), electromagnetic radiation of short wavelength produced when high s concealment number electrons strike a solid target, a radiogram made by exposing photographic film to X rays used in medical diagnosis. (Collins 2000) Is a further discovery within science and field of medicine that occurred by accident.In 1895 Wilhelm universal gas constant a German physicist discovered X rays. Conducting experiments in his lab on the effectuate of cathode rays, a beam of electrons that pass from a negative to positive b lossom ends of a tube using high voltage. The tube produced once lit, Roentgen notice that the rays from the cathode illuminated a screen covered in fluorescent material barium. Pondering the effects of this Roentgen covered the tube in black paper, switched on the current and spy the glow could still be seen through the paper. This then resulted in Roentgen using various objects and strait the current through it. The screen ever so continued to glow illuminated. The discovery came when Roentgen projected his attain on the screen showing a contrast between number and opaque bones. victimisation a photographic plate enabled an image to be captured. Meaning internal structures of the corpse could be visible without surgery. (Glasser, 1992) Naming X ray, as in mathematics X equals an unknown quantity.Roentgen, raised in Lennop, Germany, always said to have shown qualities in puling things a small-arm and being particularly interested in character from a young age. Troublesome school years left him very un academic and was expelled from school with no qualifications. A disappointment to Roentgen as he was keen to follow sciences and experimentation. Taking up a mechanical engineering science degree in his late teens as he had nothing better to do, allowed him to gain qualifications securing him a place at a University, both studying, belief and carrying out experiments at night. One night doing so this is how X rays were discovered, November 1895. later onwards the discovery was made Roentgen showed his photos famously being of his wifes hand in a small exhibition. Stirring up medical and science professionals. Duplicates of Roentgens discovery were being made and by 1896 at Glasgow Royal Infirmary an X ray department had been set up. Doctors realised the benefits of the discovery utilising it as much as possible. The use of X ray is to photograph a patients body, a part of the body is in front of the X ray descend with photographic film placed behi nd. Rays shine through the body part highlighting bone in a dark colour and flesh much lighter. Dr Hall-Edwards was the first Doctor to made a diagnosis using X ray. (British Library)The Impact on society at the time was huge, as with developments in the first 20 years after the discovery, X ray was used to treat soldiers in the WWI saving lives then and X ray has continued to do so up to now. Eventually in 1900s it was noticed that frequent exposure to X ray could be harmful to the body destroying healthy cells, noting the effects enabled the discovery that the rays were powerful enough to fight crab louse cells and skin dieses, allow killing healthy cells too, effected areas must be carefully exposed. This was another breakthrough as Cancer and other illnesses need treating. Development of the process has enabled more uses of the X ray, not just within medicine. X rays are now used in industry as security measures and are used within hospitals on a day-to-day basis.VelcroNow kno wn as hook-and-loop, a nylon fabric used as a attach was discovered after George de Mestral took advantage upon sort out an irritating problem he had. In 1941 after pickings walks in the Alps and through fields, wearing long coats and walking his dock. Mestral took it upon himself to take a closer look at why he himself and his dog returned home with burrs stuck to himself and dogs fur. Burrs are plant seeds covered in small hooks. Mestral noticed it was hard to brush the burrs off and more force was needed to curl the burr from the coat or fur. Examining the burrs under a microscope, Mestral saw that the burr was a maze of thin strands with burrs or (hooks) on the end. (Bellis, 1997) Knowing how tightly the burrs stick to fabric and fur, Mestral realised there was potential to develop a new fastener. Taking 8 years to develop to get the fastening right, experimenting with various frameworks, hook making and using woven fabrics. The first cloth used had velvet like appearance, naming the design after French words, velvet velour and hook crochet, calling the invention Velcro, (Stephens, 2007). By 1988 retrace of nylon and plastics had developed, resulting in the final invention being to strips of nylon fabric, one contains often of small hooks, the other small loops, pressed together form a very strong bond.Mestral, a Swiss man, whos Velcro became something said to have drug-addicted the world, born in 1907 near Lake Geneva showed inactive and a very inquisitive nature from a young age. Gaining a patent at the age of only 12. Went on to study and graduate as a electrical engineer. Inventing such a new idea said to oppose the common zip (Stephens, 2007). Quoted to have said that an inventor is a hothead who has a transcendent idea, a spark of light (Freeman, 1997).VELCRO caller-up formed nowadays is one of the largest hook-and-loop fasteners used in fashion and other applications. Its strong, sight be easily separated, lightweight, durable and is was hable. Various colours are also available.In the field of observation, change favours only the prepared look(Louis Pasteur, 1854)Textile Inventions1. (noun)invention, innovationa creation (a new device or process) resulting from study and experimentation2.(noun)inventionthe act of inventingDefined as, the transformation from an agricultural to an industrial nation. Was a revolution starting in Britain, that saw people actuate from working on land to work within manufacture. Many people moved to the cities looking for larger factory theorises. New methods of manufacture meant things could be made faster and at a lower cost. mechanism manufacturing also had a profound impact on modern society. Throughout the time there were many big inventions such as, The Locomotive, Steam Engine, and within textiles, water supply Frame, rotate Jenny, Spinning Frame, Looms plus more. Industrialisation was at a high with new methods, ideas and inventions being created. New materials were also de veloped, allowing things to be produced very efficiently.Spinning JennyIn a short space of time some(prenominal) inventions in textile toolry were created, thanks to the industrial revolution. Machinery such as the travel shuttle, spinning frame, spinning jenny and cotton gin were created to allow easier exertion of materials. All the shapes facilitated handling a large amount of cotton. In 1764 a British carpenter and weaver James Hargreeves invented the Spinning Jenny, a hand-powered denary spinning machine that was first to improve upon the what was, Spinning Wheel. (Beliss, 2008).Knitting MachineThrough the industrial revolution more machines were invented to take on the select or production to a higher rate. Machines were needed to improve the speed of production of woven fabric to meet demand for yarn and thread. some machinery and textile production at the time, late 18th century, was twine and spinning. equal improvements and better use of plain machines was being done. Now days twineting machines are just as important as weave machines, if not more important due to demands of fashioning. Around 1589 the first knit stitch machine was constructed, by an English man named Rev William lee side. Its said that Lee was always annoyed by the clacking of his wifes knitting needles, imaging a device that kinda of using the slow process of knitting one loop at a time, could knit a whole row at once. (2009) Devices of this nature had been used by carpet weaves for many years up to this point. Lee took this idea and added a line of hooks that would release knitted loops, making room for another line to follow on. Lee travelled with his pal trying to market the idea for the frame but had no success, not wanting to give up. Lee created a partnership with a Nottingham pedigree man, who then with Lee built the worlds first knitting factory. However seemly so no-hit local hand knitters complained to the government, appealing for limiting use of the fa ctories knitting frames, not wanting drive and change in industry to take place. Certain items such as stockings were no longer seen as a luxury item due to the now mass production. Methods of producing garments remained the same until the 1700s where then improvements of the knitting frame were made to create different kinds of knitted fabric. Material was now being produced in warp knit and in 1758 Jedediah Strutt designed a machine to knit rib fabric, circular machine for tubular fabric designed in 1978 by Frenchman Decroix. In 1855 the first water powered knitting frame was constructed in Loughbrough, England. after(prenominal) this the most important development in knitting technology was the fastening needle, half hook with a small latch that opened and closed. Using this made the knitting process even faster and more reliable.Lee, was erroneous and determined to create a machine that he devoted 3 years of his time to it. Said to have had, such an aversion to hand knittin g. The rapid process of knitting he has invented was an astonishing achievement and was pronounce almost unequalled in the history of mechanical invention. (Smiles, 1859)His small invention went along way within industry involving many inventors who develop the machine in their own way. The impact the invention had on society at the time was huge although Lee played a small part in the invention and was taken over by other inventors in time. In factories nowadays knitting takes place on huge machines with lines of needles knitting up to for million stitches each second.Jacquard MachineIn 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented an improved textile oscillate. One of the first looms to use punch twit, these get windling weaving imitateing, control and workmen were not need to be so readinessed. Patience, hard work and skill were not needed as much.Living in Lyon, Jacquards family owned a small weaving business, where Jacquard worked on a disgorge-loom from a young age. Jacquard was a draw boy, this was to sit inside the loom, lift or move a number of threads this was a small, cramped and dusty job and after his parents died Jacquard set out to improve the loom and the factories conditions so no draw boy was needed. At this time Lyon was a thriving weaving area, where lots of silk weaving was done. Jacquard noticed the weaving process was long and tedious. Jacques de Vaucanson an inspector of silk factories in Lyon had already invented an automatic weaving machine in 1745 with automated pattern control. Vaucansons machine was based on a system of holes punched into stiff gameboard, which eliminated the job of the draw boy, the job Jacquard had done for many years. Vaucanson was not very successful as his machine was rejected by Lyons weavers guild as a non useable machine and was placed in a museum in Paris. Jacquard however had the idea his machine was based on this use of punch tease and he worked for many years trying to copy Vaucansons machine. Jacquards idea to exonerate the loom automated was to add a device on top of the treadle-operated loom to process the punched cards. Then using an endless loop of committed perforated cards created what he wanted to achieve. Punched cards pass over a set of needles, which pressed against the card, a hole in the card came up, the needle would detect this and activate the threading mechanism. Each hole in the card corresponded to a hook which could be either in the up or the down position. The hook raised or lowered the thread and the chronological succession of the raised or lowered threads is what constituted the pattern. By changing the pattern of the holes in the cards the pattern in the textile produced on the loom could be changed. (Wobbe, 2006) The first programmable loom had been designed, allowing multiple patterns to be produced on one weave or easy changing of the punch cards.Jacquard, although successful caused a lot of controversy at the time in society, as income in most famili es was poor, most loom workers used their children as draw boys securing income into the family. The new loom brought unemployment which was not a good thing for the poorer society. In 1806 the master of what was the weavers guild in Lyon commanded public destruction of the new loom as it was perceived as a threat to jobs in the weaving mete out. Jacquards invention had a major impact on the textile trade and his technology has become the basis for the modern automated looms. Textiles could be produced at a lower cost and with less amount of work involved, designs can be more complex, and technically perfect. Jacquards invention had an impact on the weaving industry but also on technology, sparking off the computer industry, due to the fact the punch cards store the same pattern and study on and can be used over and over again.http//www.swissinfo.ch/eng/search/detail/How a Swiss invention hooked the world.html (Stephens 2007.)Freeman, A, Golden B (1997) Why Didnt I Think of That B izarre Origins of Ingenious Inventions We Couldnt Live Without, Wiley, Canada.Veasey, N, (2008) X-Ray, Goodman Books first-year Edition, Hong Kong.Glasser, O, (1992) Wilhelm Conroad Roentgen and the Early History of the Roentgen Rays, Norman Publishing,U.S. 2 adaptationGarcia, K, (2002) Wilhelm Roentgen and the Discovery of X-Rays (Unlocking the Secrets of Science), Mitchell Lane Publishers.http//wvegter.hivemind.net/abacus/CyberHeroes/Jacquard.htm (Wobbe Vetger, 2006)