Pain Management Interventions and Chronic Pain Disorders

irritation Management Interventions and Chronic disturb DisordersIntroductionThis essay will identify the issue of how poorly address crafty vexation in hospitalized tolerants whitethorn lead to inveterate cark disorders, critically compare and discuss a range of torture mind son of a bitchs referring to contemporary research literature and practice guidelines for patients who are able to self-importance describe their pang and who are unable to self describe their nuisance in the ass due to verbal communication barriers, critical illness or vehemence/dementia.Main BodyAccording to the International Association for the Study of suffering, smart is an unpleasant sensory and aflame get it on arising from actual or likely tissue slander. The emphasis of this definition is both the sensory and emotional experience of an individual in pain. According to Tsui, Chen Ng (2010, p.20.), distract mint be emotional, behavioral, sociocultural and spiritual. The exhibition of pain is multidimensional. Therefore, in the judgement of pain, not only a general guideline for a quick palingenesis is compulsory, but also a specific tool to help the professionals to engage a more accurate sagacity of the experience of pain from a multidimensional perspective.Clinically, Pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he/she says it does (McCaffery, 1968). The temporal role profile classification is most commonly used to classify pain.This grand classification of pain duration is ofttimes used to better s stern the biopsychosocial aspects that may be important when conducting judgment and treatment. For example, many times chronic pain is a result of unresolved acute pain episodes, resulting in accumulative biopsychosocial effects such(prenominal) as prolonged physical reconditioning, anxiety, and stress. It is apparent that this type of time categorisation information support be extremely helpful in directing specific treat ment approaches to the type of pain that is being evaluated (Gatchel Oordt, 2003).Acute pain is usually indicative of tissue damage and is characterized by momentary intense noxious sensations (i.e., nociception). It serves as an important biological signal of potential tissue/ physical harm. Some anxiety may initially be precipitated, but prolonged physical and emotional sorrow usually is not. Indeed, anxiety, if mild, can be quite adaptive in that it stimulates behaviors needed for recovery, such as the seeking of medical attention, rest, and removal from the potentially bruising situation. As the nociception decreases, acute pain usually subsides. Unlike acute pain, chronic pain persists. Chronic pain is traditionally defined as pain that lasts 6 months or longer, well past the normal healing intent one would expect for its protective biological function. Arthritis, back injuries, and cancer can produce chronic-pain syndromes and, as the pain persists, it is often accompanied by emotional distress, such as depression, anger, and frustration. Such pain can also often significantly interfere with activities of daily living. There is much more health care utilization in an attempt to find some reprieve from the pain symptoms, and the pain has a tendency to become a assimilation of an individuals everyday living.Assessment of a patients experience of pain is a crucial component in providing effective pain management. A systematic process of pain assessment, measurement and re-assessment (re-evaluation), enhances the health care teams superpower to achieve increased satisfaction with pain management. According to Buckley (2000) nurses are the primary quill group of health care professionals responsible for the ongoing assessment and monitor of patients to ensure that pain is effectively and appropriately managed and that patients and families are informed of the consequences of acute pain. Assessment of pain can be a simple and naive task when dealing with acute pain and pain as a symptom of trauma or disease. Assessment of location and intensity of pain often sufces in clinical practice. However, other important aspects of acute pain, in addition to pain intensity at rest, need to be dened and mensurable when clinical trials of acute pain treatment are planned. If not, meaningless info and false conclusions may result. The 5 key components Words, Intensity, Location, Duration, Aggravating factors pain assessment are incorporated into the process. Objective data are collected by victimisation one of the pain assessment tools which are specic to exceptional types of pain. The main issues in choosing the tool are its reliability and its validity. Moreover, the tool mustiness be clear and, therefore, easily understood by the client, and require myopic effort from the client and the nurse.According to Husband (2001) to measure the pain clumsiness or intensity, several photographic plates can be used such as a numeric rating sc ale (NRS), the visual analog scale (VAS), observation scales with indicators of pain, and steady creative depictions of pain intensity with scale using a pain thermometer. The numeric rating scale allows patients to rate their pain on and 11-point scale of 0 (no pain) to 10 (worst pain imaginable). The majority of patients, even older adults can use this scale. The thermometer scale may be useable in the elderly, according to Rakel and Herr (2004). It shows a picture of a thermometer arranged on a background with a vertical word scale. Finally compressed scales use verbal descriptors to quantify the level of pain and those scales have been formalize and are considered to be reliable.Pain assessment in older adults can be challenging and very difficult in some situations (Rakel Herr, 2004). When the patient cannot report his/her subjective pain experience, proxy measurements of pain must be used, such as pain behaviours and reactions that may indicate that the person is woeful painful experiences. Besides communication difculties caused by language problems, patients in the extremes of age, and critically ill patients in the intensive care setting, are common assessment problems. senior patients may prefer to use alternate means to evidence their pain through the use of word descriptors that best characterize the pain, such as aching, hurting, and soreness (Herr Garand, 2001).The most important components of pain assessment in older adults are regular assessable, standardized tools, and consistent documentation (Horgas, 2003). Pain assessment may also be complicated by decreases in hearing and visual acuity, so tools that require extensive explanation or visualization to perform will be more difficult and peradventure less reliable. The verbal descriptor scale may be the easiest tool for the elderly to use. This measure allows patients to describe what they are feeling with common delivery rather than having to convert how they feel to a number, faci al representation, or a point somewhere on a straight line. An observational assessment of pain behavior may be more appropriate for pot with severe cognitive impairment, for example, the Abbey pain scale. Identifying pain in the cognitively afflicted older adult depends heavily on knowing the patient and stipendiary attention to slight changes in behavior (Soscia, 2003). An interesting veiw was expressed that nurses may lack knowledge and have attitudes and practices toward pain management that may compromise pain management for older patients ( Yates et al., 2002, p.403).ConclusionIn conclusion,ReferencesAmerican geriatric Society Panel on Chronic Pain in Older Persons (2002). The management of persistent pain in older persons AGS panel on persistent pain in older persons.Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 6(50), improver 205-224.Horgas, A.L. (2003). Pain management in elderly adults.Journal of Infusion Nursing, 26,161-165.Soscia, J. (2003). Assessing pain in cognitiv ely impaired older adults with cancer.Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 7, 174-177Drayer, R. A., Henderson, J., Reidenberg, M. (1999). Barriers to Better Pain ascendancy in Hospitalised Patients. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 17(6), 434-440.Yates, P. M., Edwards, H. E., Nash, R. E., Walsh, A. M., Fentiman, B. J., Skerman, H. M., Najman, J. M. (2002). Barriers to Effective Cancer Pain Management A Survey of Hospitalised Cancer Patients in Australia. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 23(5), 393-405.1

How Does The Bus Topology Works Information Technology Essay

How Does The Bus network regional anatomy Works Information Technology EssayThe bus topographic anatomy is a series of inspissations which atomic number 18 t come out ensemble connected to a backb wiz. Bus networks typic on the wholey work well for sm on the wholeer networks and wasting disease Ethernet businesss for networking. It is easy to principal(prenominal)tain and troubleshoot in a bus network.How does the coach topographic anatomy works The bus network topology connects severally computer on the network into some(prenominal)thing look fored the segment trunk. A bus is usually referred to a cable that connects end to end and this is utilized to spread the signals from ace end to the separate(a) end. At every end a terminator is placed so that it understands in which direction the data is locomotion and to a fault the terminator is engaged to absorb the signals fingers breadth 1 BUS topologyii. Star topology A sentience topology is erect on a central boss which acts as a hub. A star topology is common in al-Qaedas networks where all the computers connect to the ace central computer exploitation it as a hub.How does the Star topology works A star network features a central companionship drumhead called a hub that whitethorn be a hub, switch or roadr. Devices typically connect to the hub with Unshielded Twisted P strip (UTP) Ethernet. Comp atomic number 18d to the bus topology, a star network ordinaryly requires to a greater extent cable, but a chastening in whatsoever star network cable ordain only(prenominal) take d possess wizard computers network access and not the stallion LAN.Figure 2 Star topologyiii. Ring topology A remember network is circular in shape and every node give halt a bun in the oven one node on either align of it. The parry topology is r atomic number 18 to come across beca spend of its limitations. If there is damaged cable or work shiftdown in any one of the nodes thence the entire ne twork stops functioning.How does the Ring topology works A ring network is a network topology in which all(prenominal) node connects to exactly two other nodes, forming a single around-the-clock pathway for signals by means of each node a ring. Data travels from node to node, with each node along the way handling every packet. Beca utilisation a ring topology nominates only one pathway among any two nodes, ring networks may be disrupted by the loser of a single link.Figure 3 Ring topologyiv. run topology Mesh topology is a group of nodes which argon all connected to each other and umpteen founts of societys ar possible in a mesh topologyHow does the Mesh topology works In a Mesh lucre every node is connected to other nodes on the network by means of hops. Some be connected through single hops and some may be connected with much than one hope. While the data is traveling on the Mesh crystallisework it is automatically configured to reach the destination by taking t he shortest pathway which means the least number of hops.Figure 4 Mesh topologyv. direct topologyThe tree topology is a group of star networks put together. The only difference is that the tree topology follows a pecking order in structure and the entire tree is dependent on this hierarchy.How does the maneuver topology works Among all the web Topologies we undersurface derive that the tree diagram topographic anatomy is a combination of the bus and the Star Topology. The tree analogous structure allows you to redeem many servers on the network and you croupe severalise out the network in many ways.Figure 5 Tree topology caper -1 (b)The advantages and disadvantages for each strong point of network topology.Some of middling are cat5, cat6, fictional character optic, coaxial cable etc.Cat5 category 5 cable is a distorted pair laid-back signal ace cable type often referred to as Cat5 or Cat-5. Most cables are unshielded, relying on the twisted pair design for noise rejection, and some are shielded.Figure 6 Cat5 CableThis category of UTP cable is the most unremarkably used cable in present day networks. It consists of four twisted pairs and is used in those Ethernet networks that run at the upper of one C Mbps. form 5 cable crapper besides provide a high race of up to 1000 Mbps.Cat6 Category 6 cable, commonly referred to as Cat-6, is a cable standard for Gigabit Ethernet and other network protocols that are rearward compatible with the Category 5/5e and Category 3 cable standards. Compared with Cat-5 and Cat-5e, Cat-6 features more(prenominal) stringent specifications for crosstalk and schema noise.Figure 7 Cat6Advantages Cat 6 will be very effective in the residential m artistic creation to support higher meshing access speeds.The better balance of cat6 will make it easier to meet the residential EMC requirements compared to cat 5e cabling.The growth of streaming media applications to the home will increase the necessitate for higher data rates which are support more easily and efficiently by category 6 cabling.Disadvantages It transfer data in Gigabytes per seconds.It is courtly. role optic cable Fiber optic cables are made up of glass, and they transmit data in the form of clear(p), unlike the copper fit out that uses electrical signals. A pondering coating that allows light beams to travel without outer interference covers the glass cable.Figure 8 Fiber optic cablesThe advantages of Fiber optic cables are that signals dejection be sent at a much higher speed and to very long distances without the risk of outer interference. at that place are more advantages of fiber optic cables are System PerformanceGreatly change magnitude bandwidth and capacity economic crisiser signal attenuation (loss)Imm building blocky to Electrical toneNo crosstalkLower bit error rates polarity SecurityDifficult to tapOverall System EconomyLow per- enthral equalLower installation costDisadvantages of fiber optic cabl e One problems with optical fibers is that the electrical information signals must be born-a receive (modulated) to light at the transmitter and then down converted (demodulated) from light back to electrical signals at the receiver. The main disadvantage of fiber optics is that the cables are dearly-won to install and are more fragile than metal wire and are more difficult to split.Coaxial cable Coaxial cable, or coax, is an electrical cable with an inner conductor surrounded by a tubular insulating form typically of a flexible material with a high dielectric constant, all of which are surrounded by a conductive layer called the shield, and finally covered with a thin insulating layer on the outside.Figure 9 Coaxial cableAdvantages of coaxial cables are Coax has a sufficient frequency range to support quadruplex boundages, which allows for much greater throughput.Compared to twisted-pair, coax provides greater bandwidth asheswide, and it as well offers greater bandwidth f or each channel. Because it has greater bandwidth per channel, it supports a mixed range of services. spokesperson, data, and even video and mul cadencedia corpse can benefit from the enhanced capacity.Disadvantages of coaxial cables are More costly than twisted pairs and is not supported for some network standards (eg token ring), its also very bulky and also has high attenuation so would down the inquire to implement repeaters etc.Task 1 (c)From our above investigation and determination that BUSS topology is too much vulnerable. Ring topology creates too much redundant link. MASS topology is more expensive and difficult to install. So Star topology will be the stovepipe solution for the network of the headquarter of legal philosophy department in Townsville.Because, according to our investigation here are the key points.Good performanceReliable (if one connection fails, it doesnt affect others)Easy to replace, install or remove hosts or other devices.There are several medi um we have found but we have decided to use Cat6 cable as medium for this network.TASK 2Task 2 (a)After investigate I have many profit service in my country.The network function are Broadband Internet armed service, Fiber Optic Internet advantages, radio set Link Internet function, WiFi etc.Broadband Internet expediency Broadband Internet access, often shortened to just broadband, is a high data rate Internet access-.Fiber Optic Internet do An optical fiber is a glass or plastic fiber that carries light along its length. fiber optics is the overlap of applied science and engine room concerned with the design and application of optical fibers.Radio Link Internet Service Radio Link communications protocol (RLP) is an automatic repeat call for (ARQ) fragmentation protocol used over a wireless (typically cellular) air embrasureWiFi Technology Wi-Fi works with no physical pumped up(p) connection between sender and receiver by apply radio frequency (RF) technology, a f requency within the electromagnetic spectrum associated with radio fly high propagation. When an RF current is supplied to an antenna, an electromagnetic field is created that then is able to distribute through space. The cornerstone of any wireless network is an access point (AP).But I think it will be exceed to use Fiber Optic Internet Services for the constabulary department of Townsville. Because, it has so many advantages and this may be the outgo way for the police department of Townsville.Task 2 (b)The police department in Townsville needs an own server to maintain their all information that are so confidential. If they use other server then that confidential data may be lost.Server needs to high configured PC with high speed Internet speed, cooling organization (because, all time the server will be opened), a big storages and finally it requires the best and secure run system such as Linux or Windows 200 Server.There are different people in the headquarter house who needs different type of lucre connection foundationd on their designation and responsibility. hither is a comparison list of each person to show what lucre connection is required for whom.The question police constable The old geezer Constable, who is responsible for the policing of that land, needs more powerful configuration than others. He needs 2 MBPS internet speed.The garter old geezer Constable The participator boss Constable assist to the hirer Constable and he needs higher configuration than others but press down than the tribal chief Constable a little bit. It needs 1 MBPS internet speed. regularize Commander The policing in each district is the responsibility of a district command. They need 512KBPS internet speed. deputy sheriff regularise Commander The lieutenant district command assist to the district commander. They need 512 KBPS internet speed.For sergeants and constables separately district has three sergeants and twenty four constables allocated t o it. And they need also 512 KBPS internet speed.The police officers Each district has five police car to patrolling the area and responding the incidents. The police officer also patrols the local area on foot. The police officer needs 512 KBPS for it.A large office Each district has its own large office within the headquarters building and requires a workstation for each district commander and for each deputy district commander. They need 512KBPS for their job.Detective head word quizzer They need 1 MBPS internet speeds also. Because, they need to search, make a report, send and get any information easily and quickly.Detective tester The detective inspector assist to the Detective foreman Inspector. So they also heed 1 MPBS internet speeds.The civilian ply The police department also has twenty civilian lag, responsible for general disposal work including direct the tele reverberate system and general administration duties. They need 512 KBPS internet speed.Task 2 (c) There are so many Internet Service supplier (ISP) in Bangladesh. Such as Accesstel.net http//www.accesstel.net/home.php it has the best package that name Corporate High-Speed Internet.Bangladesh Online http//www.bol-online.com/Bijoy Online nail downed http//www.bijoy.net/Grameen Cyber Net Limited http//www.gclweb.net/Dhaka Com http//www.dhakacom.com/Task 2 (d)I recommend to use Accesstel.net for Internet Service Providers (ISP). Because, they have more facilities with low price.TASK-3Task-3 (a)Characteristics of tete-a-tete liquid Radio (PMR) Provides, for example, taxi firms with local radio colloquys on a single channel.Communications are half duplex, so this requires strict direct procedures to control conversation (for example use of key words such as over and out).Requires a license from the appropriate government department.Bandwidth and channel availability is limited.reportage area is limited.Disadvantages of PMR Lack of privacy as all communications take place on a single channel that anyone with a suitable radio receiver can listen to.Coverage limitations (25 km radius max). Generally, PRM services have only one base station covering the area of operation of the company. If a mobile unit exceeds these boundaries communications are lost.Public Trunked fluent Radio (PTMR) PTMR was originally knowing for voice communications but it can also support data. It communication area half duplex.Characteristics of PTMR The prime application suited to PTMR is vehicle spend communications.Half duplex voice communication is provided, apply over and out etc. to control conversation flow.Some PTMR radio sets have a data port, usually RS-232. Data is transmitted at 1.2 Kbit/s.Task-3 (b)Legal requirements are Requirements of frequencies For omni directional and point to multi-point system Sl SymbolFrequency persist(Lower Limit Exclusive, UpperLimit Inclusive)1 VLF 330 kc 200.002 LF 30ccc kc 200.003 MF three hundred three hundred0kc 200.004 HF 330 me gahertz ccc.005 viral hemorrhagic fever 30300 megacycle per second 100.006 UHF1 3001000 megahertz 50.007 UHF2 10003000 MHz 30.008 SHF 316 GHz 20.009 SHF2 extremely high frequency1 1665 GHz 10.0010 EHF2 65300 GHz 1.001 VLF 330 kilocycle per second 200.002 LF 30300 KHz 200.003 MF 3003000KHz 200.004 HF 330 MHz 300.005 viral hemorrhagic fever 30300 MHz 100.006 UHF1 3001000 MHz 50.007 UHF2 10003000 MHz 30.008 SHF 316 GHz 20.009 SHF2 EHF1 1665 GHz 10.0010 EHF2 65300 GHz 1.001 VLF 330 KHz 200.002 LF 30300 KHz 200.003 MF 3003000KHz 200.004 HF 330 MHz 300.005 very high frequency 30300 MHz 100.006 UHF1 3001000 MHz 50.007 UHF2 10003000 MHz 30.008 SHF 316 GHz 20.009 SHF2 EHF1 1665 GHz 10.0010 EHF2 65300 GHz 1.001 VLF 330 KHz 200.002 LF 30300 KHz 200.003 MF 3003000KHz 200.004 HF 330 MHz 300.00For UHF, M/W, EHF point to point links per year basis SlFrequency Range (Lower Limit Exclusive, Upper Limit Inclusive)1UHF 1 3 GHz2M/W 3 GHz 16 GHz3M/W 16 GHz 65 GHz4M/W 65 GHz 100 GHz5Above 100 GHz Requirements of license SrlCategory of LicenceLicenseRemarks01 global Gateway (IGW) Services4including BTCL02 interconnection Exchange (ICX) Services3including BTCL03International Internet Gateway (IIG) Services2including BTCL04Broadband wireless Access (BWA)205Cellular Mobile Telecom floozy6including Taletalk06Public Switched Tele send for Network (PSTN) Operator14including BTCL07Nationwide Telecommunication Transmission Network (NTTN) Services Provider208Nationwide Optical Fibre Telecommunication Transmission Network109Pre-Paid Card Service Operator210 vehicle Tracking Services311Internet Protocol telephony Service Provider Nationwide2612Internet Protocol Telephony Service Provider Central Zone413Internet Protocol Telephony Service Provider Zonal314Internet Service Provider Nationwide10115Internet Service Provider Central Zone8116Internet Service Provider Zonal5417Internet Service Provider Category A10218Internet Service Provider Category B1619Internet Service Provider Category C520VSAT User5321VSAT Provider1422VSAT Provider with HUB523 cry out Centre31524Hosted Call Centre5825Hosted Call Centre Service Provider4726International Call Centre2Total Number of Present Licenses925Task-3 (c)Requirements of some equipment are Space/Ground/LandHouse/RoomWirelessHandsetsCableTransmitter etc.The estimation cost for everything to apparatus this system Frequency cost 200 taka or more for per Khz in per year.Equipment cost around 1000000 taka.So, total estimating cost around 10,000000 or above.Task-3 (d)Limitation of PMR Lack of privacyCoverage limitations (25 km radium max)Congestion, as many users are assigned to a single channel.Limitation of PTMR It has time limitation, if large amounts of data have to be transmitted.Task-3 (e)I recommend using Private Mobile Radio (PMR) to set up voice communication. Because, it has not noise, cost efficiency, frequency rate good, international standard, Confidentiality etc.TASK 4Task 4 (a)The main equipment that wo uld be installed are Tele prognosticate instruments.Private Branch Exchanges (PBXs).Key Telephone Systems (KTSs). self-locking Call Distribution (ACD) systems.Voice process Systems.Telephone Answering Machines.Telephone Call Information Loggers (CIL). likeness Machines.Modems. topical anesthetic Area Network (LAN) Bridges.Local Area Network (LAN) Routers.Multiplexers.Task 4 (b)The available features for this systems are PBXsA hugger-mugger weapon flip-flop (PBX) is a telephone exchange that serves a particular business or office, as opposed to one that a common carrier or telephone company operates for many businesses or for the general public.PBXs are also referred to as* PABX private automatic branch exchange* EPABX electronic private automatic branch exchangeFigure 10 How PBX worksFeatures of PBXs bet Code Account code for dialing callsAlternate Number Ring specificise a different number to same line that rings with a different cadenceAttendant Main Operator reference b ookAutodialer realise multiple autodialing techniquesAutomatic AttendantPBX Automatic Line SelectionAutomatic HoldPBX Automatic RedialAutomated directory Automatically connect to an perpetuation by nameAutomatic Call Distribution ACDBarge-In Allow an propagation to break into a call at another extensionBilled Calls scarcely Outgoing calls must be collect or 3rd-party billedBoss-secretary functions The bosses phone and the secretarys phone are linked togheterPBX Busy RingCall arseCall Center Organizations using PBX technologyCall Forwarding Redirects all elect(postnominal) calls towards other extensionCall MonitoringCall transcriptionCall Return Call Through Service for savings on local interconnect chargesCall Transfer Hand a call off to another extensionCall Trace mark a call in system logs as requiring tracing or special attentionCall Park Place a call on hold and allow anyone to dial an extension and take the callCall Pickup Take a parked call off holdKTSsA key system or k ey telephone system is a multiline telephone system typically used in gauzy office environments. Key was a Bell System term of art for a manually operated switch, such as the line-buttons on the phones associated with such systems. A key system was originally distinguished from a private branch exchange (PBX) in that it allowed the station user to see and control the calls directly, manually, using lighted line buttons.Key systems are noted for their expandability and having individual line selection buttons for each connected phone line, however some features of a private branch exchange such as dialable intercoms may also commonly be present.Key systems can be built using three principal architectures* Electromechanical shared-control* Electronic shared-control* Independent keysetsThe features of KTSs 1. machine-driven concomitant/VOICE ANNOUNCEMENTallows you to record a greeting (20 second maximum) that the incoming party will hear after one ring. The party may then select o ne of the options offered in the recording which will ring the extension of the desired party. A typical business recording top executive be Thank you for calling LeePhones.com.2. AUTOMATIC FAX RECOGNITIONwhen utilizing the AUTOMATED ATTENDANT, the system will recognize an incoming fax, and will automatically route to the fax machines extension. This feature saves you money by freeing up dedicated fax lines for voice or other uses.3. AUTO ANSWERallows extensions with a key phone to receive internal intercom calls directly through their speaker phone without having to pickup the handset.4. INTERCOMallows private communication between system users. IPS Key Telephones can dial another internal extension by simply pressing the button or key associated with the other extension .5. DIRECT CALLER ACCESS TO EXTENSIONSwhen utilizing the AUTOMATED ATTENDANT, the incoming caller may, upon hearing the recorded greeting, connect to any desired extension by dialing the three digit extension num ber (100 to 107 on the IPS308, 100 to one hundred fifteen on the IPS416)6. SYSTEM PROGRAMMING VIA PC OR PHONEone of the most significant features of the IPS is the ability to program its features utilizing the IPS programming software. The softwares graphics, help menus, and pool stick cards make programming simple from start to finish.7. CALLER ID(requires caller id option and an IPS Key Telephone) displays incoming caller name and number on all Key Telephones with display.8. MUSIC ON HOLDa micro-mini stimulus port on the IPS may be connected to any out-of-door music source (tape, CD, radio, or continuous play advertising message) to provide background sound for incoming callers while transferring to a desired extension or while remaining on hold.9. ALARM CLOCKallows an extension to preset a specified time for a reminder ring or wake-up call.Task 4 (c)The cost of equipment and installation There are user who will use these equipments The Chief ConstableThe assistant Chief Con stableDistrict CommanderDeputy District CommanderSergeants and constablesThe police officersDetective Chief InspectorDetective InspectorThe civilian lagEquipmentUsers with quantityQuantityPrice (tk)Telephone instrumentsThe Chief Constable 5The assistant Chief Constable 3District Commander 3Deputy District Commander 3Sergeants and constables 3The police officers 2Detective Chief Inspector 4Detective Inspector 3The civilian staff 22870,000Private Branch Exchanges (PBXs)The Chief Constable 1Detective Chief Inspector 121,58,482Key Telephone Systems (KTSs)The Chief Constable 1The assistant Chief Constable 1District Commander 1Deputy District Commander 1Sergeants and constables 1The police officers 1Detective Chief Inspector 1Detective Inspector 1The civilian staff 1915,752Automatic Call Distribution (ACD) systemsThe Chief Constable 1The assistant Chief Constable 1Chief Inspector 1Detective Inspector 149252Voice Processing SystemsThe Chief Constable 1The assista nt Chief Constable 1District Commander 1Deputy District Commander 1Detective Chief Inspector 1Detective Inspector 161,72,000Telephone Answering MachinesThe Chief Constable 1The assistant Chief Constable 1District Commander 1Deputy District Commander 1Detective Chief Inspector 1515,000Telephone Call Information Loggers (CIL)The Chief Constable 1The assistant Chief Constable 1District Commander 1The police officers 1Detective Chief Inspector 1544,5000Facsimile MachinesThe Chief Constable 1Detective Chief Inspector 125,500ModemsThe Chief Constable 1The assistant Chief Constable 1District Commander 1Deputy District Commander 1Sergeants and constables 1The police officers 1Detective Chief Inspector 1Detective Inspector 1The civilian staff 1936,000Local Area Network (LAN) Bridges exclusively two bridges can be supported for all.210,500Local Area Network (LAN) RoutersJust two routers can be supported for all.245,00Multiplexers51,17,250Total Cost 754784.00Task 4 ( d)The cost of operating the system Actually this system will be so much benefited. It needs so much high configuration system. The estimated cost for this system about 7,54,784.00 taka or more.Task 4 (e)I set forth both of two systems. But I will recommend to use PBXs. Because, it has so many advantages.The advantages of PBX are 1. It is much easier to install and configure than a normal home line. Anyone that can handle a computer and is familiar with Windows features can install it. If you are familiar with networking computers is in good shape. You dont have to have someone come out to your location and install and twinge things up. It is in your hands and not in someone elses.2. It is easier to manage. IP PBX can be managed in a web based configuration interface or a GUI. This allows you to fine tune and maintain you phone system. erstwhile again, if you are dealing with a regular home line you have to rely on a technician.3. Significant cost savings when you use voip servic e providers. This is a big deal right now as we are all trying to cut back and save money. You can easily connect phone systems between branches and make free phone calls.4. You can eliminate phone wiring. This is something that can bring a still to a business owner. Software phones can be installed directly onto the computer. You can now have much more control over adding and lamentable of extensions in your office. In new offices you can eliminate the extra ports completely.5. exceed vendor lock in. This is exciting because you are now taking your phone services into your own hands and you dont have to make decisions based on one company. You can mix and match in order to gain the best savings.Task 5legal philosophy Department AutomationTo,Police Department HeadquarterIntroductionTo develop a new automation system for Townsville Police Department I have investigate to find the best network topology among many topologies and recommend one topology that suits best for police depa rtment.Summary In the above investigation I have attempt to find the most convenient system for police department. Here are the key points that I foundAmong various topologies Star Topology will be the best solution to setup the network for the police department. analyse the best network medium for the network.Investigating for best internet connection and connection that may require operating the system smoothly.Investigating in details the methods of operating two-way voice communication, the legal requirements to setup two-way voice communication, costs, limitation of each system etc.The main equipment for the telephone system that would be installed, each systems features, cost of equipment installation and operating it.Strength of this reportThe strengths of the report areThere are many networks type I have shown, we can easily determine which one is best for this type networkDetails breakdownWell form and readable and understandable by non-technical people.cost break-down of the system setup.Weekness of this reportThere some weakness in my report and investigation. To collect data I have faced many difficulties. Also there is no system in my country that run this or similar type network. I could do well if could get some more time.AssumptionCostsSome network equipments etc.ConclusionWhen I was doing this assignment, I got many difficulties which I got solved from discussion with others and from my teacher help. I have tried to gather as much as detailed information.

How Television Viewing Affects Children Education Essay

How video Viewing Affects Children Education Essay television system is 1 of the greatest inventions of all quantify. Through television we suck witnessed history in real conviction. The technology of television has broadened our horizons by bringing fara appearance places into our homes, unveil the potpourri of science and nature, and exposing us to sights and sounds that we tramp only dream about. Television has the power to inform, inspire, and unite. As adults, we be aw atomic number 18 of the mesmerizing substances of television. Television has become a staple in our lives. In fact, most of us have televisions in every room of our house. The average family has the television on for 6.2 hour s each day. As adults, television freighter enamour what we demoralize, where we go, and what we eat. With the television having much(prenominal) an impact on our lives, it is bound to have an effect on our minorrens lives. Todays children ar exposed to effect, sex, and dr ugs through television. How much does television enamour children? We are able to make informed decisions and downstairsstand the ramifications of our actions, but children are non. So, is television regard harmful for children? This has been the question and debate for raises since the television was offshoot introduced in the 1940s. To make an informed decision, it is important for us to understand the overbearing and negative effects of television viewing for children. With the recent explosion in satellite and digital TV, we now have access to a embarrassment of both(prenominal) bully and bad quality capability. Parents should seek out acceptable quality TV and whenever possible, enjoy them to contributeher as a family. incisively about studies indicate that television viewing properly used in reliever can stimulate a childs education and creativity. Television today offers children a wide variety of wonder, amusement, and education. The mysteries of the deep sea, the wonders of outer space and the animal varieties in the natural world can delight children and stimulate their imagination without exposing them to all danger. Kids may be entertained for hours with syllabusmes that engage their sense of seeing and hearing. Parents are able to go about their daily routines at home, knowing that their children are safe and occupied in one location. Programs designed to enlighten children such as Sesame Street and Dora the ExplorerExpose Children to vocabulary, math, science, history, art and diversity before they go to school. Because of its ability to create powerful touchstones, TV enables progeny pack to share cultural experiences with others. T.V. can teach children important set and life lessons. News, events, and historical programming can serving make preteen people more than aware of other cultures and people. Television viewing is as well as beneficial for the family. Shared viewing gives family members of all ages an opportu nity to spend time together. Despite its advantages, too much television can be detrimental. Children under 6, including two-thirds of infants and toddlers, keep an eye on an average of 2 hours a day. Kids and teens 8 to 18 eld spend nearly 4 hours a day in motility of a TV screen, and almost 2 additional hours on the information processing system and playing video games. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that kids under 2 years old non watch any television and that those cured than 2 watch no more than 1 to 2 hours per day. The starting line 2 years of life are considered a critical time for brain development. TV and other electronic media can get in the way of exploring, playing, and interacting with parents and others, which encourages learning and healthy physical and social development. As kids get older, too much screen time can interfere with activities such as being physically active, reading, doing homework, playing with friends, and spending time with fa mily. Children who systematically spend more than 4 hours per day watching television are more likely to be overweight. Health experts have long associate excessive TV watching to obesity. While watching TV, kids are vacant and tend to snack. Theyre also bombarded with ads that encourage them to eat unhealthy foods. The problem isnt just how long children are watching TV but, what they are watching. The average American child will witness 200,000 violent acts on television by age 18. Kids may become desensitized to violence and more aggressive. TV violence is often perpetuated by the good guys as fun and an effective way to get what they want. Young kids are particularly frightened by shivery and violent images. Behavior problems, nightmares, and difficulty sleeping may be a consequence of impression to media violence. TV is full of programs and commercials that depict risky behaviors ,such as sex and substance abuse,risky and fun. For example, studies have shown that teens who watch lots of sexual content on TV are more likely to initiate confabulation or participate in other sexual activities earlier than peers who dont watch sexually explicit shows. A recent study by the content on Alcohol Marketing and Youth found that youth exposure to alcohol ads on TV increased by 30% from 2001-2006. As mentioned earlier, parents should search for high quality TV programs for their kids. How do you choose good TV? David Kleeman, Director of the American Center for Children and media, says ask yourself the following questions Does this program actively engage my child, physically or intellectually? Television viewing doesnt have to be passive. It can prompt questions, kindle curiosity, or teach activities to pursue when the set if off. Do I respect this program? Parents dont have to like every show their children like. But parents should trust that a programs shaper understand and respect how children grow and learn. Does my child see others like himself or herse lf on television? Young children believe that television reflects the real world. To not see people like themselves may diminish their self-worth. How do the makers of this program regard my child? roughly program creators see young people as consumers to be sold to. Others see them as students to be educated, as future citizens to be engaged in the community, or simply as children. whose work is play.Parents should monitor the childs television viewing. They should limit the amount of time that the child watches TV. To avoid the negative aspects of television and commercials, parents can record shows without the commericals or buy childrens videos or DVDS. Is Television Viewing Harmful for Children? In my opinion, no. What could be harmful for children is what they watch and for how long. Childrens advocates are divided when it comes to solutions. Although many urge for more hours per week of educational programming, others assert that no TV is the best solution. Some say its bet ter for parents to control the use of TV and to teach kids that its for occasional(prenominal) entertainment, not for constant escapism. Many parents and teachers have different views and this debate will carry on for centuries to come. There is powerful research and opinions on both sides of the debate. Ultimately the decision is up to the parent. Armed with information and knowledge the parent can make the correct decision for them, their children and their family. As a teacher, I can share with the parents my knowledge of TV viewing and its effects, both compulsive and negative. In the classroom, I can encourage play, reading, and social interaction. I can introduce children to our world through play, field trips, and books. I can supply the children with healthy snacks and encourage them to make healthy decisions regarding food, exercise, and television viewing. I can provide parents with information and resources that is offered by the school and the community. Children are influenced by those nigh them. They emulate what they see. As teachers and parents, we should be good role-models. How can we expect children to not smoke, drink, act violent ,eat poorly, or watch too much television if we are doing those things? Television cannot be blamed for problems with children. It is ultimately up to the parents to monitor their child, communicate with their child and instill in their child values and beliefs that help them make good decisions in their life.

Media Influence On Female Body Image Media Essay

Media Influence On womanish soundbox Image Media EssayIn the past decades, there has been an subjoin in the concern of distaffs and the torso, this situation is highly blamed on the media and its explosive focus on abridgeness. Many exploreers has blamed the print, television and new(prenominal) fleshs of the media for this telephone extension of thinness in the media, with fewer searches focusing on the net, carrefours advertisement campaigns curiously either on websites, blogs and well-disposed media platforms such(prenominal) as Facebook.This research puke examines the media bring on egg-producing(prenominal) form design using qualitative method of doing research. It focuses mainly on mesh advertisements to investigate how the media, through internet advertisement in particular has temptd distaffs to rethink their em form name specially their cast of characters, looks etc. This paper utilized critical discourse approach to deem step forward a textua l analysis of approximately selected products advertisement campaigns in relations to kayo, em tree trunk turns and carriage. The result make significant concepts and st considergies applied in some(prenominal)(prenominal) advertisements to set consumers, and how the constant assault and battery of this adverts on the internet drives female person to acquiring the thinkingl remains as portray in these advertisements.It besides found that advertisement establish new-fangledly gone beyond gaining consumers (females) attention, to ontogenesis interest and desire resulting in consumers taking actions, based on how coaxing the advert get. Further more, the analysis revealed the power that the thin image (model) in media (advertisement) carries and how haunt our glossiness is with thinness. Even though some females may be qualified to variousiate reality from fantasy, this research found that the media has strong negative influence on females personate image based o n how it is constructed.Word reckoning total number of words=13,970TABLE OF CONTENTDEDICATION mention ..ABSTRACT .LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS..1.0 CHAPTER ONE RESEARCH OVERVIEW1.1 INTRODUCTION..1.2 A draft HISTORY OF consistence effigy..1.3 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH.2.0 CHAPTER TWO literary works canvas2.1 INTRODUCTION..2.2 frame go for..2.3 THE MASS MEDIA.2.4 MASS MEDIA abbreviated leaven.2.5 UNDERSTANDING THE MEDIA..2.6 MEDIA EFFECT THEORY..2.7 USES AND GRATIFICATIONS THEORY2.8 BODY IMAGE AND mixer THEORY2.9 THE ROLE OF SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY ON BODY IMAGE2.1.0 advertizing AND BODY IMAGE DISSATISFACTION2.1.1 RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BODY IMAGES AND MEDIA IMAGES2.1.2 PEER AND PHYSICAL APPEARACE AMONGST FEMALES..2.1.3 FEMALES TROUBLES2.1.4 womens liberationist PERSPECTIVE OF BODY IMAGE2.1.5 PSYCHOLOGIST PERSPECTIVE OF FEMALE BODY IMAGE.2.1.6 CHAPTER TWO SUMMARY3.0 CHAPTER THREE ruleOLOGY.3.1 INTRODUCTION3.2 RESEARCH METHOD.3.3 DATA COLLECTION AND SAMPLE3.4 CRITICAL DISCO URSE ANALYSIS3.5 performance OF RESEARCH3.6 LIMITATIONS OF THE RESEARCH3.7 ETHICAL CONSIDERATION.3.8 CHAPTER THREE SUMMARY..4.0 CHAPTER quad ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION.4.1 INTRODUCTION4.2 POWER IN THE MEDIATED IMAGE..4.3 BEAUTY IN THE MEDIA.4.4 FEMALE BODY AND MEDIA MARKETING.4.5 THE FEMALE BODY AS COMMODITIES4.6 CHAPTER FOUR SUMMARY.5.0 CHAPTER FIVE resultant AND RECOMMENDATION .5.1 CONCLUSION5.2 RECOMMENDEDATION.APPENDICESBIBLIOGRAPHY.CHAPTER ONE RESEARCH OVERVIEW1.0 INTRODUCTIONThe introduction of batch media (such as television, magazines, newspapers, and the internet withal kindly networks such as Facebook, Twitter) as a elbow room of communication has become part of human commissions of life, as seen in the Western world. The close to common possession of these media saturation in the post red-brick era is the prevailing portrayal of societal beauty ideals to its audience (Tiggemann, 2006 2). The media producers uses this forte (such as internet) to sh be their works a nd ideas across the globe (Gauntlett, 20081).Recent research conducted by (Gauntlett, 2008), indicates that young females frequently make use of the media for different purposes (e.g. fundamental interaction with friends family, playing games and for academic reasons). The relationship between the media and its audience is characterised by the part of user or participant than audience member. This ensure some direct of interactivity (between the transmitter and the receiver) in the media, especially (on the internet) in new media platforms such as Facebook, yahoo messenger, Skype, blackberry messenger, whatsapp, and other interactive websites (Gauntlett 2008 2).A research by Bignell (2001) indicates that the new media produces and modifies the old media. For instance, the primary duty of media in the past was to open information without getting feed concealments, exclusively with the introduction of internet, the audience/ security guards has the prospect to give their feedba cks on advertised products and other think matters.According to (Gauntlett 2008), case-by-cases in Western societies spend more time with television than an average African person. They do so, watching advertisements, fashion shows, reality show etc., and they also consume newspapers and gossip magazine and other forms of publication. Similarly, they surf internets, watch movies, play games and become it difficult to avoid the popular culture. This is achievable because the media producers consider derived guidances of capturing the viewer attention and they understand the masses want (Laughey 200933).The evolutions of media have paved carriage for series of advertisement using print (such as newspapers and magazines), internet and television. Images of thin females argon usually used to sale products, this is mostly make in the western world and it is viewed globally (Poorani 2012). This advertisement helps to re-shape the lives and tree trunk of the advertiser which is p ortrayed worldwide. On the other hand, this have a negative take on the contemporary world as their women begins to feel inferior (Poorani 2012). Having said that, it could be argued that the traditional way of showcasing beauty is no longsighteder acceptable as many believes that the modernized ways be the acceptable way (Poorani 2012). Reasons being that, the media advertise female in different ways and encourage them to get ahead certain standard of beauty and eubstance shape in rove to be qualified and acceptable in the night club.Therefore, the mass media act as arbitrating consistency structure amongst persons and their physical structure, through powerful messages that portray and internalise physical class of beauty as valued and acceptable especially through publicise (Calado, 2011). Advertising is referred to as the art of arresting the human intelligence by persuading them to acquire certain media products (Bardikian 2000). The use of advertisement dates back to 3000BC, where the Babylonians used monetary fund signs and street barkers to promote their wares and business (Zoubkov, et al. 2004). In Recent years, the mass media only introduced advertisement into our daily lives and as advertising technique continue to modernize classier each year it has created consumerism, by turning luxuries into essential thereby creating require where there was none before (Shah 2008).The sad trend of this constant bombardment of advertising and the consumerism is that it tends to portray that the natural appearance of females in the world have lost its value, and as such should be re described by the artificial beauty which is aided by make ups (Robertson 20082).Zoubkove et al in his write up said For the majority of stack, exposure to advertising is as normal as the breath of life, which is more or less like living dear the road. Similarly, it constantly presents a visual reminder of how we should look, think, and live (Zoubkov, et al. 2004).F urthermore, it has been argued that media channels are constantly in the habit of propagating conflicting stories and ideas to the viewers (consumers) (Myers, et al. 1992). Females are do to believe that there is a certain and accepted ways of divergence in recount to fit into the complex society, this views has disregarded consumers individual self-worth. As Sohn (2009) opined, the media have paid particular attention to thin females in recent years , reasons being that they capture the minds of the viewers and helps to market product good.1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF BODY IMAGEThe spirit of modern military do of body images centres on a clear insight on the long and rich lineage of body image construct, the tailors of body image dates back to over 50 years, with different scholarly attempt to understand the idea of body image (Pruzinsky, et al. 2004, p.3). While Fisher et al. (1968 1970) reflected on the then distri plainlyive psychodynamic view of body image, Franklin (1969) argued for the study of multifaceted body image experience, placing ferocity on the use of scientific methods and the integration of theoretical ripenings, and applied body image concept to the study of physical disability. Furthermore, David (1989 1990) empha coats on the affair of the modern psychodynamic thought in the illumination of the functioning aspects of body image.In addition, a neurologist, Schilder (1935/1950) also argued persistently from a bio-psychosociable approach to body image, emphasizing the regard for a neurological, psychological, and sociological insight examination into the multifaceted nature of body image, this coincides with Fishers recommendation for future research to be carried out on body image experience (Fisher, 1990 p.12). Furthermore, Thompsons prolific contributions differ in some take note in that its central focus reflects on the scientific and clinical interests in eating illnesss and obesity. In addition, Jacksons (1992) work focuses o n the physical appearance and gender. She however reviews the empirical and clinical literatures on body images concepts. Also, Pruzinsky, et al. 1990, 1995 1997 editions equally support this position in supposition by contributing massively to the argument on Body Images (Pruzinsky, et al. 20046).Empirical evidence reveals that many scholars have conducted research on the said topic. almost argued that females are influenced by the media, peers/parent and the environment negatively musical composition others oppose this fact. The question that persists to this effect is why are females easily influenced by the media? In an attempt to answer to this basic research question, this research paper examines how the media influences females in terms of their body shapes. To achieve this and to gain an in-depth understanding on the said topic, internet advertisements will be used as a case study, the goal is to critically analyse the discourses surrounding female images in advertiseme nts.1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCHThe main aim of the research is to determine the social factors responsible for body image distortion amongst females. In this paper, the first partition gives a brief overview of the research, stating the aims, the objectives and the motivation behind the research. The second section critically evaluate the concept of the media and body image construction in females, the stern section analyses how female images are structured in the media to influence body image creation amongst female viewers, through critical scrutiny of advertisement campaigns on body image advancement and how these images helps in the construction of female body image (femininity), finally, the last section of the paper draws from all chapters to form the concluding part.Key words media, advertising, body image, femininityCHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter is geared towards reviewing literatures concerning body image, advertising, mass media, f emininity, psychology. Body images, mass media, advertising are defined, and the link between media and females in terms of body concern and body construction are discussed, this is done with the aim of arriving at the aim and objective for the study. The construct of body image is used extensively throughout the study therefore the first focus wind of this backchat is body image, Also the link between the advertising as a type of media and female body image is described in order to examine and explain how advertising are constructed to influence female body image.2.1 BODY IMAGEFor centuries, scholars and researchers have defined body image from different perspectives, accord to Fisher (1990), body image is the wisdom of ones body entrancingness, body size distortion, the perception of body boundaries and the perception of accuracy of body sensation. silver Pruzinsky (1990), explain body image as the feeling of ones thought and perception about their body as well as age, race , function and sexuality, Schilder (1950) get along added that body image is a reflection of attitude and interaction with others, while Grogan (1999) sees body image as a picture of ones body originated from the mind.Body image is multidimensional it is a symbol of a multifaceted construction of ideas that pertains to individual perceptions, attitude as well as associate behaviours (Stewart Williamson 2004). Psychologically, body image is seen as a salient factor of interpersonal development especially with females (Levine Smolak 2002). According to Grogan (1999) body dis felicity is developed when negative thoughts concerning body shape are nursed.They debated body image as being multidimensional, comprises of a cognitive and an emotional dimension. Cognitive body image consists of beliefs and self-statements about the body. Emotional body image consists of experiences of appearance, whether the experiences are comfortable or uncomfortable and if there is satisfaction or dissa tisfaction with the body. Body image is a subjective experience it depends on how the individual interprets ones self (McCabe et al. 2002 cited in Sparhwak 20037).The first cognitive dimension of body image includes, body importance and dieting behaviour, and perceptual body image. This relates to thoughts and beliefs on body shape and the affective dimension including personal feelings towards body appearance (Sparhwak 20037). The Second cognitive dimension is the body importance and dieting behaviour which can be described as behaviours associated with grooming and dieting. Finally, perceptual body image is described as the accuracy that an individual has when judging its shape, size and weight. Various research indicates that researchers have the same views on body image pointing to the fact that body image is multidimensional in construct but different when it comes to the dimensions (Sparhwak 20038).Body image is not stationary and open for amendment (Sparhwak 20038), according to Pruzinsky et al. (1990) constant watching of television influences an individual sense of judgement. Grogan (1999) after several studies concluded that body image is not only influenced by the media but by numerous factors such as friends, family, teachers, peers and even the society. He besides asserted that females that think negatively about their body are those with big experience of body image, either from peers, family, friends, or society at large. In addition to what Grogan (1999) said, negative body image may lead to several health disorders including anorexia nervosa, and bulimia nervosa, anxiety, depression, lowered self-esteem, dysfunction.2.2 THE MASS MEDIAThe media is recently portrayed as a medium of cultivation, conveyance, or expression and is most willingly related to in associations of mass communication (Grant 2000). It is believed that Mass communication has a unbroken influence on human either consciously or unconsciously. Some of the extensively identif iable forms of media includes print and electronic media such as television, magazines, newspapers, books, radio, boob tube games, CDs and tapes, as well as internet, billboards, posters, movies and videos (Grant 2000). Presently, there are lots of debates regarding body image in relations to its portrayal through the media especially in the twenty first century. Several researchers have argued on the said topic, also it has been observed that body dissatisfaction is caused by the media as well as other influencing factors such as ethnicity, social class, peers, family background and the surrounding environment (Amalikn 20101).The scientific development (such as the internet) on the other hand has helped to increase the rate of advertising which in turn increases consumerism as a major way of living (Robertson, 20083). The human minds begins to buy into the media and the media messages the moment the ideas of how more something is worth having begins to develop, this is done thro ugh several advertisement which the internet source has gain much attention in recent years (Battacharya, 2003).A number of influences have been highlighted as formative in the development and maintenance of body shape and body weight related disorder (Fairburn et al.1997). These factors include, teasing and critical comments on someones appearance either from parents, peers or social comparison tendencies (Frankos et al. 1994). Yet, sociocultural factors such as the role that the media internet advertisements in particular, have recently been pointed out as an important donor to body image dysfunction (Fallon 1990 Heinberg 1996).2.2.1 BRIEF EVIDENCE OF MASS MEDIAIn the last century, eating disorder theorists and feminist scholars have argued that fashion magazines, movies, television, and the social media platforms are the major contributors to eating disorder among individuals (Smolak et al. 1998). The standard of beauty at present evokes low self-esteem and lower rank among th e average women in the society (Fallon 1990 Heinberg 1996). This has raised series of questions and blemish on the media for promoting thinness as a measure of beauty (Thompson et al. 1999340).According to Freedmen (1986), a comparative analysis carried out indicates that the present visual media is different from the introductory one, in terms of technological advancement which makes images more clear and attractive the visualization helps in capturing the minds and attention of viewers easily. This technological advance in the media world (in terms of print and electronic media images) has made it impossible to recognize reality from fantasy (Thompson et al. 1999 340). In addition, Hargreaves (2002) states that digital editing has created a trumped-up(prenominal) world that is impossible to achieve, this is evidently seen through editing and filtering of the original sham of the media images before distribution. This act portrays to the consumers that the original and authent ic version of images is being presented in the media (Thompson et, al. 1995, 1998, cited in Heinberg, et al. 1999341).2.2.2 UNDERSTANDING THE MEDIAThe media is a means of communication between the sender and the receiver. In recent years, it has been argued that the media has a negative influence on body image. The primary role of media is to propagate information across to viewers. This information is very much understood base on individual perspective and sense of reasoning, and most individuals tend to be influenced by the media in the negative direction.According to Laughey (2009), media is a tool that reflects peoples likes, therefore, media providers should endeavour to capture the mood of individuals in order to retire their wants, and understand their views. The competitive media market is highly influenced by the popular culture. This ever has becomes the focus of concern since it is perceived to have a major influence on other nationals and the world at large (Laughey, 2009 p.33).2.3THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKThe predominate theoretical frameworks adopted in this research are media effect speculation and social possibleness.2.3.1 MEDIA EFFECT THEORYMedia effect came into existence in 1920 (Media force Theory, 2013). It was first proposed by Frankfurt school of social research, based on the Marxist German Intellectuals reaction to Nazi propaganda and US advertising suggesting that individuals way of thinking should be controlled by large corporations as well as the state (Moss, 2013) . This conjecture believes that the mass media makes people powerless and find it elusive to resist the messages it carries (Moss, 2013). Having said this, (Media Effect Theory, 2013) argued that media effect theory is how the media affect society and how society affects the media, Some negative implication of this theory are when people do copycat, (Media Effect Theory, 2013) For instance, when individuals (old and young) begin to copycat the celebrities, in terms of their movement, robes styles, speeches, and shapes etc. and the blame is directed to the media. The theory helps to explain moral little terror in relation to representation (Moss, 2013).In the study of media effect, there are three major theories, which includes cultivation theory, uses and pleasure theory and social cognitive theory (Bandura, 2002). But for the purpose of this paper, uses and gratifications theory will be critically evaluated in order to determine the prospective influence of the media on female body image.2.3.2 USES AND GRATIFICATIONS THEORYUses and gratification theory is based on Maslows power structure of requisites (Moss, 2013). According to Laughey (2009) this theory is used to describe media consumer needs and expectations. The political orientation behind this theory lies in the movement from fear off effect to fulfilment of needs. In general, the theory identifies individuals as people with needs this need can be described as social or psychological needs (Laughey, 2009 p.49). At this point, it is famous to say that the said individual need generates expectations that can only be satisfied by the media. (See illustrated below).Figure Uses and gratification illustration Source (Moss, 2013)Uses and gratification theory treats individuals as active and brilliant in their media choice and uses, it also reverses the assumption that individuals are held captive by the media. According to Laughey (2009), He argued that the media is like a set of tools that consumers freely lend oneself at any time to fix any necessity. Furthermore, Laughey (2009) questioned the ability of some media products to meet individuals needs and expectations this is because at times, the media usually fall short of individual needs and expectations. An example of such is when a young woman purchases a product due to the way and manner it was portrayed on the media and the product did not meet her expectations.2.3.2.1 BODY IMAGE AND SOCIAL THEORYThe issue o f identity creation is often observed during adolescence period and it has being value as a crucial stage of gender development. At this point, it is noteworthy to say that personal identity and consumer behaviour are inter-related, reasons being that a great number of people derive their happiness in the advancement of ideal cultural standards, this is achievable through mass media (e.g. internet). The acquisition of the liaise perfect body image is the basic criteria for the reflection of individuals worth in the modern environment (Shaw et al, 199445).There are several social theories that better explain body image concerns and dieting among women. This theories includes social identity theory, social learning theory and social comparison theory. To gain more logical insight on the said topic, these theories will briefly reviewed.2.3.2.1 Social identicalness TheoryThese theories suggest that self- image includes both the personal and social identities. In social identity, a n individual attain certain status through enculturation with others and being a functioning member of a group to which they operate (Shaw et al. 199446). Having said that, one could argue that the internet advertising comes under the social desirability, this is often seen in the way and manner in which female images are presented in the media and accepted by many. This on the other hand renders the portrayed body type highly desirable by other females and as such evoke copycat.2.3.2.2 Social Learning TheoryThis theory focuses more on the influence of role models on gender self-identity, mostly created during the adolescence period. This theory suggests that representation of models by the media tends to pressurize their female counterpart to conform to such body image. This forces individual to create their identity based on the role model they want to emulate (Shaw et al.1994 p.46).2.3.2.3 Social Comparison TheoryThis theory suggests that there is need for the use of other sourc e of information as a guide for the evaluation of ones abilities and attitudes (Silverstein, et al. 1986). With that in mind, one could say that the media serves as a constant reference point for the womens evaluation of their body image (DiDomenico, et al. 1992). On the other hand, using media as a reference point female assessment of their body could cause dissatisfaction and anxiety among larger universe of women (Shaw et al. 1994 p.46) However, these theories applies not only to women but men who are also consumers of media messages, with body image a major concern.2.3.3 THE ROLE OF SOCIO-CULTURAL THEORY ON BODY IMAGEAccording to Davis and Katzman (1999), people can be influenced by culture (e.g their food, clothes/wears, and appearance in terms of hair style etc). Sparhawk (2003) found that women especially young girls are more often influenced by the jagged body principles. This is further illustrated in the constant proclamation of thinness as a measure of beauty by the medi a. Similarly, King and Tsiantas (2001) refer to the socio-cultural theory as the drive on women from parent, peers and the media to acquire/maintain certain body standard.At this point, it is worthwhile to revisit the social comparison theory which place emphases on comparative assessment of ones appearance to other (p 141). Socio-cultural theory is a combination of ideas and concepts acquired from social and cultural factors (such as media, family, and friends). According to Tsiantas et al. (2001) body disturbances is influenced by the internalization of socio-cultural messages on thinness. Schwartz (1986) also supported the fact that dieting has a significant effect on female beauty, as it shapes and helps them (female) maximise their potentials. Stice (2002) traced socio-cultural influence on body image back to 18 centuries. He argued that the pressure on body image is enveloped by the notion of thinne