In Search of Room-Temperature Superconductors

Imagine a world in which magnetic levitation (maglev) trains are commonplace, computers are lightning-fast, power cables have little loss, and new particle detectors exist. This is the world in which room-temperature superconductors are a reality. So far, this is a dream of the future, but scientists are closer than ever to achieving room-temperature superconductivity. What Is Room-Temperature Superconductivity? A room temperature superconductor (RTS) is a type of high-temperature superconductor (high-Tc or HTS) that operates closer to room temperature than to absolute zero. However, the operating temperature above  0  °C (273.15 K)  is still well below what most of us consider normal room temperature (20  to  25  Ã‚ °C). Below the critical temperature, the superconductor has zero electrical resistance and expulsion of magnetic flux fields. While its an oversimplification, superconductivity may be thought of as a state of perfect electrical conductivity. High-temperature superconductors exhibit superconductivity above  30  K (−243.2  Ã‚ °C). While a traditional superconductor must be cooled with liquid helium to become superconductive, a high-temperature superconductor can be cooled using liquid nitrogen. A room-temperature superconductor, in contrast, could be cooled with ordinary water ice.   The Quest for a Room-Temperature Superconductor Bringing up the critical temperature for superconductivity to a practical temperature is a holy grail for physicists and electrical engineers. Some researchers believe room-temperature superconductivity is impossible, while others point to advances that have already surpassed previously-held beliefs. Superconductivity was discovered in 1911 by  Heike Kamerlingh Onnes in solid mercury cooled with liquid helium (1913 Nobel Prize in Physics). It wasnt until the 1930s that scientists proposed an explanation of how superconductivity works. In 1933, Fritz and Heinz London explained the Meissner effect, in which a superconductor expels internal magnetic fields. From Londons theory, explanations grew to include the  Ginzburg-Landau theory (1950) and microscopic BCS theory (1957, named for Bardeen, Cooper, and Schrieffer). According to the BCS theory, it seemed superconductivity was forbidden at temperatures above 30 K. Yet, in 1986,  Bednorz and Mà ¼ller discovered the first high-temperature superconductor, a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite material with a transition temperature of 35 K. The discovery earned them the 1987 Nobel Prize in Physics and opened the door for new discoveries. The highest temperature superconductor to date, discovered in 2015  by Mikhail Eremets and his team, is sulfur hydride (H3S). Sulfur hydride has a transition temperature around 203 K (-70  °C), but only under extremely high pressure (around 150 gigapascals). Researchers predict the critical temperature might be raised above  0  Ã‚ °C  if the sulfur atoms are replaced by phosphorus, platinum, selenium, potassium, or tellurium  and still-higher pressure is applied. However, while scientists have proposed explanations for the behavior of the sulfur hydride system, they have been unable to replicate the electrical or magnetic behavior. Room-temperature superconducting behavior has been claimed for other materials besides sulfur hydride. The high-temperature superconductor yttrium barium copper oxide (YBCO) might become superconductive at 300 K using infrared laser pulses. Solid-state physicist Neil Ashcroft predicts solid metallic hydrogen should be superconducting near room temperature. The Harvard team that claimed to make metallic hydrogen reported the Meissner effect may have been observed at 250 K. Based on exciton-mediated electron pairing (not phonon-mediated pairing of BCS theory), its possible high-temperature superconductivity might be observed in organic polymers under the right conditions. The Bottom Line Numerous reports of room-temperature superconductivity appear in scientific literature, so as of 2018, the achievement seems possible. However, the effect rarely lasts long and is devilishly difficult to replicate. Another issue is that extreme pressure may be required to achieve the Meissner effect. Once a stable material is produced, the most obvious applications include the development of efficient electrical wiring and powerful electromagnets. From there, the sky is the limit, as far as electronics is concerned. A room-temperature superconductor offers the possibility of no energy loss at a practical temperature. Most of the applications of RTS have yet to be imagined. Key Points A room-temperature superconductor (RTS) is a material capable of superconductivity above a temperature of 0  °C. Its not necessarily superconductive at normal room temperature.Although many researchers claim to have observed room-temperature superconductivity, scientists have been unable to reliably replicate the results. However, high-temperature superconductors do exist, with transition temperatures between  Ã¢Ë†â€™243.2  Ã‚ °C  and  Ã¢Ë†â€™135  Ã‚ °C.Potential applications of room-temperature superconductors include faster computers, new methods of data storage, and improved energy transfer. References and Suggested Reading Bednorz, J. G.; Mà ¼ller, K. A. (1986). Possible high TC superconductivity in the Ba-La-Cu-O system. Zeitschrift fà ¼r Physik B. 64 (2): 189–193.Drozdov, A. P.; Eremets, M. I.; Troyan, I. A.; Ksenofontov, V.; Shylin, S. I. (2015). Conventional superconductivity at 203 kelvin at high pressures in the sulfur hydride system. Nature. 525: 73–6.Ge, Y. F.; Zhang, F.; Yao, Y. G. (2016). First-principles demonstration of superconductivity at 280 K in hydrogen sulfide with low phosphorus substitution. Phys. Rev. B. 93 (22): 224513.Khare, Neeraj (2003). Handbook of High-Temperature Superconductor Electronics. CRC Press.Mankowsky, R.; Subedi, A.; Fà ¶rst, M.; Mariager, S. O.; Chollet, M.; Lemke, H. T.; Robinson, J. S.; Glownia, J. M.; Minitti, M. P.; Frano, A.; Fechner, M.;  Spaldin, N. A.; Loew, T.; Keimer, B.; Georges, A.; Cavalleri, A. (2014). Nonlinear lattice dynamics as a basis for enhanced superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O6.5.  Nature.  516  (7529): 71–73.   Mourachkine, A. (2004).  Room-Temperature Superconductivity. Cambridge International Science Publishing.

The Birth Of America Is Well, The Biggest And Greatest

The birth of America is well, the biggest and greatest thing to ever happen to us. There are many things that led up to the 1865 era such as salutary neglect, the Constitution, the Louisiana Purchase, Manifest Destiny, and Slavery. Those are just a few things that America powered through to get where we are today. Our Forefathers attempted to rectify what some would consider harsh actions made by the kingdom of Britain in the mid 1700’s. The British didn’t take the American territories seriously and just saw them as colonies to be used and exploited in whatever way that best suited the kingdom’s interest. The morning of April 19, 1775 America was then no longer just negotiating for its rights, we were fighting for them.†¦show more content†¦By the end of the assembly of the Second Continental Congress, America would declare war on Britain. In Lexington in April of 1775 the British troops and colonial militiamen kicked off the armed conflict. By the summer the rebels were waging a full-scale war for their independence. France entered the American Revolution on the side of the colonists in 1778, turning what had been a civil war into an international conflict. French assistance helped the Continental Army force the British surrender in Yorktown, Virginia, in 1781. We had won our Independence. Though fighting would not officially end until 1783. The United States Constitution’s final draft was approved on September 17, 1787. It established America’s national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was, however more than just a document. It would more importantly establish the form of government that would be utilized right up to modern day America. The framers of the Constitution knew that while government needed power in order to be effective, too much power could lead to abuses. 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Dark Rapture Essay Example For Students

Dark Rapture Essay In Native Speech, On the Verge and In perpetuity Throughout the Universe, Eric Overmyer manifested a extraordinary command over the tools of language: sound, syntax and image. None exhibited much control over, or interest in, the more mundane devices of the playwrights art. In Dark Rapture, which premiered at Seattles Empty Space Theater in May, Overmyers verbal dexterity is acute as ever, but this time its harnessed to a plot delivered by characters who seem driven by purposes of their own. Its by far Overmyers most satisfying play. Dark Rapture may not, however, earn its author the critical praise it deserves it certainly didnt in Seattle because it adheres so strictly to the rules of a genre. In the written arts, in film, in dance, in pop music, a creative artists submission to such rules earns no disrespect. In theatre, it seems we honor work created within rigid conventions only if the conventions are someone elses kabuki or kathakali, wayang or noh. Escape from the ordinary Dark Rapture is noir, the genre which crystallized in the 1940s novels and screenplays of Raymond Chandler and has intermittently borne fruit ever since in the hands of artists as various as Richard Condon and Wim Wenders. Good noir is rare on stageOvermyers own early In a Pigs Valise is congested, prankish hommage, dead on arrival. But his Dark Rapture is the most succesful stage essay in the form since Len Jenkinss marvelous, poetic Five of Us. Like many noir fictions, Dark Rapture is about escape: from the self, from the sane, from the ordinary. This time the escape hatch is offered by a fire that leaves the Berkeley Hills home of Ray and Julia Gaines a pile of smoldering rubble with a charred and unrecognizable corpse beneath it. Whose corpse is it: Rays, or a looters? Just where was Julia when the house burned down? And what happened to the brown-paper parcel Julia says she left in Rays custody? Did it go up in flames, too, with or without him? Any number of sinister people want to know. In classic noir manner, the story advances tableau by moody tableau from Baja bedroom to Key West bar deck to Tampas kitchenette, each offering its sharply etched character cameo, its fragment on information, its new complication, straight to a conclusion redolent with irony. Patsies and sleazeballs The performances were utterly attuned to the material. As a lifelong schlepper grabbing that one big chance, Peter Silbert made Ray a loser worth rooting for. As the froms obligatory good bad girl, bad good girl, and bad girl, Sally Smythe, Jessica Marlowe and Katie Forgette gave their archetypical roles individual flair. Particularly notable among those playing assorted gunsels, patsies, sleazeballs, wise-asses and loons were Rex McDowell as a mad Armenian hit-man, Robert Wright and David Pichette (poisonous lizard and rabid pekinese, respective) as businessman trafficking in non-standard merchandise, and David Mong as the mysterious Babcock, Rays sunnily implacable doom. The design was equally supportive. Peggy McDonalds supple arrangements of screens and Paul Chi-ming Loueys matte costumes under Michael Wellborns chiaroscuro lighting heightened Overmyers torrid imagery through contrast. David Pascals sound design holocaust and hurricane and all shadings between put a final polish on Empty Space artistic director Kurt Beatties perfectly paced staging. Few productions of new plays especially ones mounted on a minuscule budget by an artist heretofore best known as an actor-playwright are as assured as this one. Dark Rapture was commissioned and staged as part of the Empty Space ensemble project put together by Beattie to test a long-held conviction that authoritarian structures are ill-designed to produce first-rate theatre; that true extended collaboration is a lot more likely to produce a cultural artifact that has some lasting value for the society that produced it than any one-shot wiring together of egos, however brilliant individually. After only four months of concentrated work and just two productions, Beatties theory already seems amply confirmed in practice.

Reputation in the Crucible free essay sample

Reputation is the estimation or name of being, having, having done, something specified by the general opinion of either a private or public group of people. In Arthur Miller’s screenplay, The Crucible, Miller presents his opinions on the factual truth of the Salem Witch Trials. Various events in Arthur Miller’s screenplay reveal the theme of reputation as being a leading force in the developing plotlines of the story. By doing this, he brings a whole new point of view to the readers of his screenplay. Reputation was extremely important at the time, as in a town like Salem where social standing was tied to one’s ability to follow religious rules. If you had a good reputation, you were more likely to be an upright member of the church and a good Christian. In Puritan times being religious and following the rules of God meant everything. The reputations of many characters in the crucible including Abigail, John Proctor and Reverend Parris were defined by the many actions and dialogues throughout the play, the Crucible. We will write a custom essay sample on Reputation in the Crucible or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page A dialogue from Abigail reveals Arthur Millers’ insights on the role of reputation in the society of Salem. Abigail states, I want to open myself! I want the light of God; I want the sweet love of Jesus! I danced for the Devil; I saw him, I wrote in his book; I go back to Jesus; I kiss His hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil! (Miller Act I) This quote from Abigail raises her position in society. By Abigail, doing this, the other girls follow; believing this will raise them also in the social ranking of their society. After hearing Tituba confess to witchcraft, Abigail sees this as an opportunity to get herself out of the spotlight, even though she was with the other girls in the forest. After clearing her name, she wanted to move the blame on, she starts accusing falsely the other people of being witches. When this was done, the other girls followed because of the success she had. These girls all cared about their reputation. With their reputation, they believe it is a way out from being trailed as a witch, as everyone else in Salem wishes to do. Abigail caused enough trouble in the court room ruining others reputations in order to save her own, but at the same time risks her own reputation. John Proctor, a farmer who lives outside the town had an affair with Abigail who is just a teenager early on in the screenplay, and is frightened to expose such a thing; he is afraid his name will be ruined. Earlier on in the play, Proctor has a chance to put a stop to the girls being accused of witchcraft; instead he sought to preserve his reputation from testifying against Abigail and revealing his scandalous affair. Towards the end of the play The Crucible, Proctors desire to keep and maintain his good name; leads him to make a courageous choice, by not giving into a faulty confession which leads to his death. Proctor says to Danforth, â€Å"I have given you my soul; leave me my name! † (Miller Act IV) This quote shows that by Proctor refusing to give up or surrender his name and reputation, he redeems himself for his earlier failure and dies with integrity. John Proctor confirms his decision saying to himself in Act IV that he has given his soul and wants to at least keep his name. Proctor gives his last orders as to not destroy his name, because his name means so much to him. He would rather die than live with the rest of the town knowing that he was convicted of seeing the devil and being a witch. In Act II, Proctor says to Putnam, â€Å"You cannot command Mr. Parris. We vote by name in this society, not by acreage. † This quote demonstrates what a big role a person’s name in the society brings to the rest of the town of Salem. Acreage, money or land is usually a way to critique a person, but in Salem, someone’s name or part in society is what they are held as in the eyes of the people. If you have a good reputation then you stand high in the town, but if your reputation is bad and you are convicted of being a witch, that could damage your reputation and status severely. In Act II, Parris says, â€Å"Abigail, I have fought here three long years to bend these stiff-necked people to me, and now, just now when some good respect is rising for me in the parish, you compromise my very character. I have given you a home, child, I have put clothes upon your back- now give me upright answer. Your name in the town- it is entirely white, is it not? This quote proves that once Parris’s authority started to increase, Abigail, his niece had to start trouble, causing many people to look at Parris differently and, causing his power in the society to decrease. Reputation led the Crucible’s many characters to resort to various actions and lies to retain their own character. The pressure of society put forth on the characters, caused a chain reaction of lie and deceit that caused the death of many people. The screenplay the Crucible, was therefore wrought with the theme of reputation as a leading factor in the development of the plotline and story.

Kofi Annan Leadership Traits

The Five Virtues of Kofi Annan: Case Study Having sat at the helm of the United Nations for two terms, Kofi Annan exhibited astute and strong leadership skills. Admiration for his ability to bring different warring parties together was unending. He always wished for a world where sufferance of innocent global citizens would end. Among the virtues he stand out to have entrenched in his leadership is dignity.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Kofi Annan Leadership Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More He always believed that all people regardless of their social-economic status, nationality, race and other lines of segregation would have a dignified life. Indeed, the life that Annan envisaged for all people was free of atrocities, poverty and pandemics such as Aids. Ciulla (2003) postulates that he always saw both sides of the coin in that he could negotiate with perceived criminals such as Saddam Hussein for the sake of innocent civilians who in many instances were caught in the crossfire. To him, dignity was a major virtue of leadership. Second, throughout his mission as the Secretary General to the UN, he never fell short of confidence in all his actions and attitude. Despite taking positions that put him at loggerheads with major world leaders like Madeleine Albright, Annan had confidence that his cause of action was the best in delivering peace to the world. Third, Annan held courage as an important virtue that all leaders should learn. He never feared to enhance access to medical care, food and other humanitarian assistance regardless of the risks and dangers this action predisposed him to. Fourth, Annan values compassion, which is a major aspect of transformative and supportive leadership. He never shied away from the poor and the meek. Indeed, Ciulla (2003) pinpoints an instance where he randomly got out of his motorcade and spent over an hour with a refugee who had fled war in I raq. Finally, Annan always preached faith. He believed that all leaders should have faith in their actions whenever their actions would end up bringing peace to the world. Standpoints Held by Different Critical Thinkers Ruth Benedict The major concept of her works revolves around explaining anthropology and the way it affects normalcy of different people especially those holding leadership positions in organizations and groups. She articulates that leadership is nurtured and can be uniform across the entire world despite different social, religious, racial and national backgrounds. Leaders should be consistent in their actions regardless of the contexts they encounter. To that end, Benedict says that all leaders are able to differentiate between right and wrong and inspire followership that brings about happiness to all people. Mary Midgley She concentrates her main ideas on themes of leadership by articulating that a leader should be ready to try out ‘his/her sword’ . By that, she means that every leader has special attributes, which he/she should use to achieve the goals that the followers. It is important to note that Midgley holds the view that different leaders are unique and their leadership skills are dependent on the goals they seek to accomplish. It is therefore upon the leaders to understand their ‘swords’ and act in a way that can provide the best form of leadership to their organizations. F.G Bailey Bailey emphasizes on values and beliefs in leadership. He asserts that virtuous leaders should be able to make decisions that do not contradict the beliefs of the followers. Beliefs and values should shape the common goal in a group. No leaders should exert their personal beliefs and values to the followers. UN Commission on Human Rights The global body focuses its attention and activities on the need to uphold human rights regardless of where people live. UNCHR emphasizes on the importance of human dignity and the need t o remove impediments that lead to violation of human rights. In many instances, UNCHR has spearheaded democratic leadership and governance where governments enshrine human rights as a way of dignifying the lives of their citizens. Indeed, the organization holds the view that all human beings are important regardless of their location in the world and governments should abide by global standards in enshrining human rights. Isaiah Berlin Berlin asserts that leaders face numerous challenges and upheavals in pursuit of ideal societies and organizations. These challenges hinder their ability to perform nobly although they provide different insights to the leaders. To him, leadership should entail the ability of leaders to overcome such hurdles and achieve their objectives in line with the wishes and aspirations of the followers. In pursuit of idealistic leadership, Berlin articulates that leaders and organizations should be able to differentiate actions that could impede the achievemen t of the goals that are in the best interest of the majority. Application of the Theoretical Standpoints on the Case Study From the above case study, we learn of a global icon who exercised leadership using virtues. Annan was global leader despite his roots being in Africa. He always perceived the world from the lens of globalization and nobleness. Benedict cite him as an example of a leader who defied social and economic backgrounds to achieve his objective of uniting the world and delivering peace to war-torn regions.Advertising Looking for case study on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More His virtues were consistent throughout his life as the UN Secretary General. Despite many setbacks that impeded his ability to achieve some of his goals, Annan represents a leader whose ‘anthropology’ did not lead to ‘abnormal’ leadership style (Ciulla, 2003). Since his school days, Ciulla (2003) asserts that Annan was able to nurture his astuteness as a leader and adopt virtues that are important in enhancing effective leadership. His virtues of dignity, confidence, courage, compassion and faith stuck with him throughout his reign at the UN. As elucidated by Benedict, Annan depicts a leader who has the ability to distinguish between right and wrong and inspire followership that brings about happiness to all people. Midgley on the other hand would attribute the leadership abilities of Annan to uniqueness of specific leaders. She pinpoints that leaders have ‘their own swords’, which they use to exercise leadership. To her, Kofi Annan was a unique leader whose traits and virtues were outstanding. To cement her assertions, it is important to highlight that his predecessor and successor have different traits. Indeed, they have ‘different swords’ to exercise leadership. Midgley tends to disagree that leadership is nurtured and asserts that it is inborn a nd not all leaders are able to exercise leadership qualities in a similar way. The aspirations and objectives of UNCHR seem to coincide with the virtues of leadership offered by Annan. In particular, UNCHCR emphasizes on the need for human dignity in the world. This would imply that leaders work towards ending atrocities, poverty, diseases and wars that demean and devalue human dignity. Annan’s virtues dictated that all human beings should live in a peaceful and loving way and instances of wars ought to end (Ciulla, 2003). In fact, Annan pointed out that no government should shield itself in the name of sovereignty given the fact that its citizens have suffered in a huge way. To this end, he called for other nations to bear the responsibility and obligation to prevent atrocities that occur in some countries. This way, Annan was convinced that the world would uphold human dignity, importance of peace and the need to reduce pandemics.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Kofi Annan Leadership Traits specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Berlin perceives Annan from a standpoint of idealism. He sees his leadership style to draw inspiration from his virtues as too optimistic for the world to achieve. While Annan believes that world peace is possible, Berlin tends to be cautious by saying that there are many challenges for leadership that pursues idealism. Nonetheless, Berlin sees such leadership being very important since it helps leaders to address similar situations in future. In essence, the objectives that UNCHR has seem to explain the case study in a more elaborate way than the rest of the theories. This is partly because Annan was the custodian of these objectives when serving as the Secretary General of the UN. To this end, his goals and perception of the global society were motivated by the need to uphold human dignity and peace. His articulation that no country could shield itself in the pretext of sovereignty provided a clear indication of the levels that he could reach in achieving the goals of the organization. Nonetheless, Annan was an outstanding leader whose virtues provided guidance not only to him but also to the international organization that he served. Virtuous leadership brings about effectiveness. All leaders should therefore aspire to have virtues that uphold human dignity. Reference Ciulla, J. (2003). The Ethics of Leadership. New York: Thompson-Wadsworth Publishers. This case study on Kofi Annan Leadership Traits was written and submitted by user Obi-Wan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Cockatiels essays

Cockatiels essays Some of our sore throats are caused by a "strep infection" and this bacteria can be spread to your cockatiel from a sneeze or a cough. A bacterium called E. coli is normally present in our intestines, but it is not a normal resident in the intestines of cockatiels. So be sure that you wash your hands after using the toilet and before handling your cockatiel or its food. Seeds, how do you know if they are alive and nutritious? Sprout them! If less than 75 % of the seeds sprout, they have died and so their nutritional value. Here's how: Place some seeds on a container covered with a paper towel. Soak the seeds with water. Spray seeds daily to keep them moist. The seeds will start to sprout in three or four days. Once they sprout, you can keep them in the refrigerator for up to a week. Rinse them before feeding, as they are very nutritious. The amount of sprouts that can be fed daily are as follows: Lead is the most common poison eaten by caged and wild birds. Sources of lead include: antiques; lead frames of stained-glass windows; Tiffany lamps; weighted items; fishing, scuba, and drapery weights; the foil from champagne and wine bottles; batteries; solder; bullets and air-rifle pellets; old paint; sheetrock; galvanized chicken wire; linoleum; mirror backing; light bulbs bases; dolomite and bone meal products; and leaded gasoline fumes. The Cockatiel was first discovered in Australia in 1770. It did not become popular until the Australian gold rush in the nineteen hundreds. Cookware or drip pans with Teflon or Silverstone. The fumes emitted can kill your Cockatiel. Cockatiels may have allergies. Straining, flatulence (passing of gas), inflammation of the cloaca, or sneezing may be seen. Of course, it is important to rule out the most common causes of these problems, but think about possible allergies the blanket that covers the cage: the sunflower diet? A perfume, household ...

Digital Technologies Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Digital Technologies - Article Example Digital technology is a novel field focusing on computational thinking and creating an awareness platform for digital systems. It entails creating a number of solutions to day to day out problems digitally (Weber & Dixon, 2007). The concepts surrounding this term include software, hardware, data and the manner of its delivery to the external parties. Commonly, they will exist as pictures, diagrams, and symbols. In addition, it comprises a series of steps that when followed in the order presented, solve the task at hand. Digital technologies in the wider scope explore the usage of information systems in place to meet their needs. These needs range from entertainment, communication and information want. It is also inevitable to work with other people in the community to organize these ideas and data using information systems and disseminate it for the consumption of the entire community via the cyberspace.The methodologies involved in the collection of the data will include: the use of questionnaires and interviewing persons who have had hands on digital libraries. Further, the research seeks to delve more into reviewing secondary sources readily available on the internet, journals, and books to form the basis for continuing this project. The consequent realization of the application will amount to a better and more improved digital library system. That will address the current loopholes in our libraries and accommodate the ever changing needs of the consumers in this day and age.